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Nutrition and Hydration for people living with Parkinson

  • Writer: Monica Bennett
    Monica Bennett
  • Jul 4
  • 10 min read



Nutrition and Hydration for People Living with Parkinson's Disease

 

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological condition affecting movement, coordination, and many aspects of daily living. While medication plays a vital role in managing symptoms, nutrition and hydration are equally important in maintaining health, wellbeing, and quality of life. Carers and family members can play a vital role in ensuring nutritional needs are met, and that hydration remains adequate.


The NHS highlights the importance of a balanced diet and sufficient fluid intake for people living with Parkinson's disease. This can help maintain strength,  support the effectiveness of Parkinson's medication , manage symptoms such as constipation, and reduce the risk of weight loss or malnutrition.


This article explores the nutrition and hydration recommendations for people living with Parkinson's disease from the NHS and Parkinson’s UK, and offers practical advice and support to facilitate achieving this for yourself or your loved one.


Please note: This article is intended for general information only and should not replace advice from your GP, Parkinson's specialist, Parkinson's nurse, registered dietitian, speech and language therapist, or any other qualified healthcare professional. Nutritional needs and treatment plans vary from person to person, so always seek individual medical advice regarding your own or your loved one's care.

 

Every person living with Parkinson's experiences the condition differently. Symptoms and nutritional needs often change over time, meaning there is no one-size-fits-all approach. Regular reviews, personalised care and working closely with healthcare professionals can help ensure that nutritional support continues to meet the individual's changing needs.

 

Why Nutrition Matters in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease can create several challenges that affect eating and drinking. Symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, swallowing difficulties, reduced appetite, fatigue, and digestive issues may make it harder to maintain a healthy diet.


Good nutrition helps:

  • Maintain a healthy body weight

  • Preserve muscle strength and mobility

  • Support immune function

  • Improve energy levels

  • Reduce the risk of malnutrition

  • Promote digestive health

  • Support medication effectiveness

  • Enhance overall wellbeing


Weight loss can be common in Parkinson's disease due to increased energy expenditure caused by tremors and involuntary movements. Some individuals may also experience reduced appetite, depression, or difficulties preparing meals, all of which can contribute to poor nutritional intake.

 

Following a Balanced Diet

The NHS recommends that people with Parkinson's disease follow the same healthy eating principles as the general population, unless advised otherwise by a healthcare professional.


A balanced diet consists of:

  • At least 5 portions of a variety of different fruit and vegetables daily, which can be fresh, frozen, canned or dried.  These provide essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fibre that support overall health.

  • Starchy carbohydrates as the base of each meal, choosing wholegrain varieties where possible for additional fibre, which can help to manage constipation; a common symptom of Parkinson's disease.

  • A source of protein with each meal to support muscle maintenance and tissue repair. Choosing primarily poultry without skin, fish, eggs and plant-based sources helps to limit unhealthy fat intake.

·        Milk, yoghurt, cheese, and fortified dairy alternatives to provide calcium and vitamin D. These support tooth and bone health, and reduce the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

  • Healthy fats to contribute to heart health and energy intake.


For further information about the different food groups and other aspects of maintaining a healthy, balanced diet, please see the Introduction to Nutrition and Hydration section of our Wellbeing Hub.

 

Salt Intake in Parkinson’s Disease

As part of a healthy diet most people are advised to limit their intake of foods high in salt. This is because too much salt intake can lead to high blood pressure; increasing our risk of heart attacks and strokes. The majority of our salt intake comes from pre-prepared and pre-packaged foods, and it can be helpful to limit items such as:  

  • Crisps, biscuits and other processed snacks

  • Pre-prepared soups and sauces

  • Ready meals


Adding as little salt as possible to cooking and at the dinner table is also beneficial, and experimenting with herbs and spices for extra flavour instead helps to make sure meals are still appetising and enjoyable.


Further NHS guidance on appropriate dietary salt intake is available here: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/food-types/salt-in-your-diet/

 

Some people with Parkinson’s may find that reducing their intake of salt is not advisable, however, if they suffer from low blood pressure, which can be a symptom of Parkinson’s or a side effect of the drugs used to treat it. Please consult a GP, specialist or Parkinson’s nurse if you have any concerns.


 

 

The Role of Protein and Parkinson’s Medication

Protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, and nuts can sometimes affect the absorption of levodopa medications and potentially reduce their effectiveness. Some individuals find that taking medication on an empty stomach or at a different time from protein-rich meals helps to improve symptom control.


Protein remains essential for maintaining muscle strength and overall health, so please only make dietary adjustments after speaking to your or your loved one’s doctor, Parkinson’s specialist nurse, dietitian, or other specialist healthcare professional.


 

The Importance of Hydration

Staying hydrated is essential for everyone, but particularly for people living with Parkinson's disease.

Dehydration can worsen symptoms such as:

  • Dizziness

  • Low blood pressure

  • Confusion

  • Fatigue

  • Constipation

  • Falls risk


The NHS generally recommends consuming around six to eight glasses or mugs of fluid per day, although this can vary between individuals depending on factors such as health conditions, activity levels, and the weather.

Suitable fluids include:

  • Water

  • Milk

  • Sugar-free squash

  • Tea and coffee

  • Herbal teas

  • Diluted fruit juice

  • Soups and other fluid-rich foods can also count


Hydration can be supported by:

  • Offering drinks regularly throughout the day

  • Keeping drinks within easy reach

  • Monitoring fluid intake

  • Providing preferred beverages

  • Encouraging small, frequent drinks if large volumes are difficult


 

Managing Constipation Through Diet and Hydration

Constipation is one of the most common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It can affect comfort, appetite, medication absorption, and quality of life. Increasing both fluid and fibre intake is recommended to help support healthy bowel function.


High-fibre foods include:

  • Wholegrain bread and cereals

  • Brown rice

  • Oats

  • Fruit with edible skins

  • Vegetables

  • Beans and pulses


Any changes in fibre intake should be made gradually to allow the body time to adjust, for example adding one new source of fibre every three days.


Adequate hydration is equally important because fibre requires fluid to work effectively, and consuming too much fibre without adequate fluid intake could actually make constipation worse.


Regular physical activity, where appropriate, can also help stimulate bowel movements.

If constipation is ongoing despite dietary changes, please seek medical advice.


For additional NHS guidance on manging constipation please see the following link: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/constipation/ 

 

Swallowing Difficulties and Safe Eating

Some people with Parkinson's disease develop difficulties with their ability to swallow, which is known as dysphagia.


Signs may include:

  • Coughing when eating or drinking

  • Difficulty keeping food in the mouth

  • Taking a long time to chew food

  • Food going around and around in the mouth or sticking in the throat

  • Wet or gurgly voice during or after eating or drinking

  • Choking episodes

  • Recurrent chest infections


If swallowing difficulties are suspected, it is very important to inform a GP as soon as possible so a referral can be made to a specialist who can help; most likely a speech and language therapist.


Speech and language therapists can assess swallowing ability and recommend strategies to facilitate safe food and fluid intake such as:

  • Modified texture diet

  • Thickened fluids

  • Improved eating positions

  • Swallowing exercises

Any prescribed swallowing guidance should be carefully followed to reduce the risk of choking and food or fluid going into the lungs, known as aspiration, which can lead to chest infections and pneumonia.



Good oral hygiene is equally important. Difficulties with swallowing, reduced saliva control or changes in eating habits can increase the risk of dental problems, making regular dental care an important part of overall health. Brushing teeth or dentures twice daily, cleaning between teeth where possible, attending regular dental check-ups and seeking prompt advice for mouth pain, ulcers or signs of infection can all help maintain good oral health. A healthy mouth can also make eating more comfortable, support adequate nutritional intake and reduce the risk of complications associated with poor oral hygiene.

 

Supporting Healthy Weight Maintenance

Both weight loss and unintended weight gain can occur in Parkinson's disease.

 

Preventing Weight Loss

Factors such as difficulties with chewing and swallowing, reduced ability to shop for and prepare foods, and increased movement due to tremors or dyskinesia can lead to weight loss in those with Parkinson’s disease. Individuals experiencing weight loss are likely to benefit from:

  • Regular meals

  • 2-3 nutrient-dense snacks between meals daily

  • Fortifying foods with healthy fats

  • Full fat dairy products

  • Additional calories from less “healthy” sources such as cream, butter and honey if necessary

  • Nutritional supplements if prescribed


Examples of nutritious, high energy snacks include:

  • Yoghurt

  • Cheese

  • Nut butter on bread or toast

  • Smoothies

  • Fortified milk drinks

 

Managing Weight Gain

Reduced mobility can sometimes lead to weight gain.

Maintaining a healthy weight may involve:

  • Balanced portion sizes

  • Healthy cooking practices

  • Limiting highly processed foods

  • Choosing healthier snacks

  • Staying physically active within personal abilities

 

 

Making Mealtimes Easier

Parkinson's can affect much more than appetite. Tremors, stiffness, fatigue and reduced hand coordination may make preparing meals and eating more tiring or frustrating. Small practical adjustments can make a significant difference, such as using lightweight cups, non-slip mats, adapted cutlery, plate guards or choosing foods that are easier to manage. Allowing extra time for meals and avoiding rushing can also make eating a more enjoyable experience.

 

Food Preparation Challenges and the Role of Family Carers

Parkinson's symptoms can make shopping, cooking, and meal preparation more difficult.

Challenges may include:

  • Tremors

  • Reduced dexterity

  • Fatigue

  • Balance problems

  • Cognitive changes


As well as supporting a loved one with meal planning and food shopping and preparation due to these challenges, family carers often play a central role in supporting nutrition and hydration throughout the day. 


Helpful strategies may include:

  • Encouraging an upright position while eating and drinking

  • Establishing regular mealtimes

  • Creating a calm eating environment

  • Allowing plenty of time for meals

  • Monitoring changes in appetite or weight

  • Encouraging social dining opportunities

  • Keeping healthy snacks readily available

  • Recording fluid intake if dehydration is a concern

Early intervention can help prevent nutritional issues from becoming more serious.


 

Should People with Parkinson's Take Vitamins or Supplements?

There is currently no evidence that vitamin or herbal supplements can cure or slow the progression of Parkinson's disease. Most people can obtain the nutrients they need through a balanced diet. However, some individuals may require supplements, such as vitamin D or calcium, if recommended by their GP or specialist. Supplements should only be taken under professional guidance, as some may interact with prescribed medication.

 

When to Seek Professional Advice

Keeping a look out for early signs of changes in eating and drinking habits, and reporting any concerns to an appropriate healthcare professional is extremely important.

 

A GP, Parkinson's specialist nurse or other specialist healthcare professional should be consulted if any of the following are present:

  • Weight loss

  • Persistent constipation

  • Difficulty swallowing

  • Choking episodes

  • Dehydration

  • Poor appetite

  • Concerns about interactions between medication and food


Swift professional assessment can allow underlying issues to be identified early and ensure appropriate support is provided, including any necessary onward referrals, such as to a dietitian or speech and language therapist. Timely intervention can help to prevent nutritional issues from becoming more serious and to minimise their impact on health and wellbeing long term.

 

Conclusion

Good nutrition and hydration are a fundamental part of Parkinson’s care. While there is no specific diet that can cure or prevent Parkinson’s disease, maintaining a balanced and adequate food and fluid intake can help to manage symptoms, reduce complications and support overall health; making  positive differences to both independence and quality of life.


Although living with Parkinson's disease can present many nutritional challenges, small, consistent changes can make a meaningful difference over time. Eating a balanced diet, staying well hydrated, recognising potential problems early and seeking professional advice when needed can all help support health, independence and quality of life. With the right support from family members, carers and healthcare professionals, many people living with Parkinson's disease can continue to enjoy nutritious meals and maintain a positive relationship with food.

 

How Bennett Care Hampshire Can Help

At Bennett Care Hampshire, our compassionate carers have a thorough understanding of the challenges associated with Parkinson’s disease. This enables our carers  to identify nutritional risks early and provide practical support to encourage appropriate nutritional intake, whilst also taking into account each client’s personal dietary choices and preferences.


Our carers can provide valuable support by helping with:

  • Meal planning

  • Grocery shopping

  • Food preparation

  • Cooking nutritious meals

  • Monitoring food intake

  • Encouraging hydration


We recognise that nutritional needs often change as Parkinson's disease progresses. Our care is tailored to each individual's abilities, preferences and changing needs, while working closely with families and healthcare professionals where appropriate.


By providing encouragement, practical assistance and regular monitoring, we aim to make mealtimes as safe, enjoyable and stress-free as possible, helping clients maintain their health, independence and confidence.


Our person-centred care allows the responsibility of managing this complex condition to be shared; supporting loved ones and facilitating individuals to remain independent in their own homes while maintaining dignity, wellbeing and quality of life for as long as possible.


Our carers also monitor for early signs of nutritional risk, such as changes in appetite, weight, fluid intake or swallowing ability, and communicate concerns promptly to families and healthcare professionals. Early recognition can often prevent small concerns from developing into more serious health problems.


Where appropriate, we also work closely with families, GPs, Parkinson's nurses, dietitians and other healthcare professionals to help ensure that nutritional care remains safe, coordinated and tailored to each client's individual needs.


 Together, we strive to help every client remain as healthy, comfortable and independent as possible while continuing to enjoy life in the place they know and love most – their own home.


If you or a loved one are living with Parkinson's disease and would like compassionate support at home, Bennett Care Hampshire is here to help. Please contact us to discuss how we can support your individual needs.

 

Further Information

Parkinson’s UK provide a comprehensive guide for the role of diet in helping to managing Parkison’s disease. This can be ordered or downloaded at the bottom of the following page: https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/support/managing-parkinsons/diet-and-food?_gl=1*12vziyw*_up*MQ..*_ga*MjkwMzIwMjg4LjE3ODI0Njg3MDQ.*_ga_455LC56RDF*czE3ODI0Njg3MDQkbzEkZzAkdDE3ODI0Njg3MDQkajYwJGwwJGgw

 

 

 

 
 
 

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